President John F. Kennedy's assassination Research Paper

President John F. Kennedys assassination - Research Paper ExampleWhile the Warren Commission determined that Lee Harvey Oswald kill President Kennedy, many alternative accounts have been proposed.This paper will examine at least two of the proposed accounts on President Kennedys assassination and further evaluate these accounts from the perspective of Hume (empiricism), Descartes (rationalism), and Kant (transcendental idealism). The two accounts that are examined in this paper are the findings of HSCA on the investigation of Kennedys assassination and the account of James Fetzer entitled assassination Science. The account of HSCA stated that John Fitzgerald Kennedy being the 35th chairwoman of the U.S was shot dead on the November 22nd the year 1963 when riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. According to its findings, Lee Harvey Oswald actually fire three gun shots at the then President John F. Kennedy. The 2nd and the 3rd shot that he discharged struck the president and the 3rd shot was the one that killed the president. This account further stated that scientific acoustical proof recognized a high prospect that more than one or two gunmen were involved at firing the gun shots at the president. The other scientific proof does not prevent the chances of two gunmen firing shots at the president. The scientific evidence thus negated some of the specific conspiracy allegations. The HSCA committee believed that based on the evidence available or presented to it, president Kennedy was probably assassinated because of a conspiracy or political scheme. However, the HSCA committee was not capable of identifying the other claimed gunman or the level/extent of the claimed conspiracy. other reason provided by HSCA to have made the assassination possible was that the departments and agencies of the U.S administration performed with various competency degrees in the fulfillment of their duties. The president was thus not accorded adequate protection. The account presented by James Fetzer entitled Assassination Science explained and reported the most important or vital scientific findings in the assassination plain history of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The account comprises of evidence stipulating that some of the autopsy X-rays on the body of President Kennedy were fabricated to cover a huge blow-out to the cover of the head of the deceased by a shot from in front. Assassination science account evidence suggest that other autopsy x-rays were altered by the imposition of a 6.5 mm metal object, which was not present on the original x-rays, photographs and diagrams that were supposed to be those of JFKs hit were suspected to be the brain of someone else other then John Kennedy. James Fetzer further through his evidence claimed that the president alone was hit by at least quaternity shots, one of which fired from in front went to his throat, the other fired from behind went to his back, and the remaining two fired from in front and behind went to his head. This evidence disapproved the magic bulled theory suggested by the HSCA report. Assassination science unveiled or discovered that in Dealey Plaza, for the duration of the assassination, an absolute minimum of around six shots were actually fired and that the Zapruder assassination film viewed by most people as the nearest account to absolute truth was edited extensively using a extremely sophisticated or complex technique. The evidence presented by Fetzer

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Land Law - Essay ExampleA marketer must be able to prove that he is entitle to the filth before he shtup pass good title to a purchaser. Initially, such proof was provided by the production of the title documents to the land, i.e. the conveyances or leases. The vendor had to be able to show the stove of ownership for the last thirty (now 15 years).And each time the land was sold, all these documents had to be examined under the LRA 2000 a single register entry is substituted for the serial publication of title deeds as proof of titles, and a prospective purchaser need only examine this registry entry.Theodore Rouff had laid down three elemental principles of Land Registry. One among them is the mirror principle which states the register of title reflects accurately and completely beyond all arguments the facts that are material to the title. In simpler terms, it can derive that this principle proposes the fact that the register of the title is the mirror which reflects accurat ely all the current facts and figures those are material to the title. However, there are few exceptions to this fact. separate than these exceptions the title is free from all adverse burdens, rights, and qualifications unless they are mentioned in the register. Overriding interest can be exposit as one of the most an historic exceptions to the mirror principle.Overriding interests Definition These are defined in s3 (xvi) LRA 1925 as all the encumbrances, interests, rights and powers not entered on the register, but dependant to which registered dispositions are to take effect... Initially such proof was provided by the production of the title documents to the land, i.e. the conveyances or leases. The vendor had to be able to show the chain of ownership for the last thirty (now 15 years).And each time the land was sold, all these documents had to be examined under the LRA 2000 a single register entry is substituted for the series of title deeds as proof of titles, and a prospec tive purchaser need only examine this register entry.Theodore Rouff had laid down three basic principles of Land Registry. One among them is the mirror principle which states the register of title reflects accurately and completely beyond all arguments the facts that is material to the title (wikipedia)1. In simpler terms it can derived that this principle proposes the fact that the register of title is the mirror which reflects accurately all the current facts and figures those are material to title. However there are few exceptions to this fact. Other than these exceptions the tile is free from all adverse burdens, rights and qualifications unless they are mentioned in the register. Overriding interest can be described as one of the most important exception to the mirror principle.Overriding interests Definition These are defined in s32 (xvi) LRA 1925 as all the encumbrances, interests, rights and powers not entered on the register, but subject to which registered dispositions are to take effect import In simpler terms overriding interest can be defined and determined as the interest which override. It is liable on the purchaser to inspect the land and make inquiries as there are few dispositions like overriding

Coscto Wholesale Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Coscto Wholesale Corporation - Case Study ExampleConsumers want cutting products, which often result from sizable expenditures on research and development that arse be undertaken only by large enterprise. In reality, it seems that a market of incomplete monopolies has provided the greatest measure of abundance (Global Marketing Principles 2008). Competition occurs not only in markets of many small firms but also in markets of relatively a couple of(prenominal) large ones. However, in markets with few large firms, competitive action can be countered, and price competition may not serve as an utile method of competition. Therefore, products and services also become competitive weapons, and nonprice competition assumes importance. This fact has not yet been sufficiently recognized and integrated into theoretical models (Costco Home rascal 2008).Costco spends no on advertising following the no-frills concept. Costco has no public relations and advertising department trying to prove that the main dogma of business is to sell products as inexpensively as possible (DiCarlo 2004). Costco does not rely on advertising proposing nodes unique services and wide assortment, low prices and customer support. Technological improvements facilitate the type of centralized management that characterizes these organizations. The economies of scale that result from increasing store count and the ability to divide tasks between store operations and central merchandising put them in very powerful positions vis--vis both their customers and their suppliers. Costco was founded in 1976 as Cash-and Carry Company. The owner of Costco, sol Price, opened the Price fellowship store in San Diego as a discount store. INTRODUCTIONThe sales model of Costco is to sell products at low prices but at high volumes. During the 1980s, frugal turmoil opened the door to retailing innovators who cut the cost out of distribution and drove conventional department stores or discounters to their knees or to bankruptcy court. Of the bring in twenty discount department stores in 1980, fewer than half dwell in operation today, while the doomed still stick to business as usual. The seeds of creative destruction were sown in the 1980s but will be harvested in the 1990s. As many as 20 percent of the regional shopping centers currently operating in the United States will close by the year 2000 (Costco Home Page 2008 Bearden et al p. 54).In order to remain competititve, Costco changed its strategy and introduce Costco membership. Goldstar and Business Memberships costs about $50 a year and the Executive membership is about $100 a year. Only Costco members can purchase main products except drugs, drinks and gasoline similar to other retailers of this type, Costco continues to rattle around within overstored retail square footage that outstripped both population growth and consumer disbursement over the past decade (Costco Home Page 2008). The coming shakeout in retailing has been preo rdained by a copycat, follow-the-leader mentality, a quiet conspiracy toward sameness in retailing--in layout, location, presentation, products, and service. Diversity in products, in consumers, in employees, and in the environment will demand diversity and dexterity among retailers. Costco sells very large volumes of merchandise and achieving high instrument turnover In addition to

Comments and suggestions Essay Example for Free

Comments and suggestions EssayPeople at authorities from different branches may need to meet on a regular period. operate cost for representatives is an additional expense which could be controlled by implementing an mesh based intranet. This intranet must have chatting capability which can facilitate online conferences. Authorities no thirster need to travel to the main office instead they can set down in front of their computers, log on to the website and talk to each early(a) like what they do in conventional conferences or impacts. This not only eliminates travel expense, but it also promotes confidence for each person participating the meeting or conferences. Because he is at the same location where he is assigned, hell be able to produce situational reports at real time when necessary, and seek foregoing documents that was not initially told to prepare but was necessary in the meeting proceedings. People who travel might accidentally leave some important documents jo hn which will only result to unsuccessful participation. File sharing through File Transfer Protocol (FTP)An FTP system included in the cyberspace based intranet can address the problem to achieve fast and reliable read and knowledge sharing among different branches. This is very beneficial in file sharing and retrieval. Company-specific reports generated by the different information management systems installed in different departments can be directed to its FTP system. In this manner, FYC can achieve an create information storage system. A person authorized to collect reports from different branches no longer need to call all branches simultaneously because the reports can already be retrieved through the FTP system attached to the intranet.Plus, retrieval of these reports can be accessible within a matter of seconds depending on the speed of the internet connection and the size of the files to be retrieved. This type of collection of reports ensures consistency of shared info rmation especially in situations where one form of data or information is required to be disseminated to all branches. All in all, this is an effective time management and communication system for FYC. The ability to line Schedules and Messages This will achieve standardise calendar systems for all branches of FYC.Messages and schedules posted on the site is 99% accurate and safe since you can be sure that this information comes from those persons who are authorized to post it. Posting of messages and schedules once is more reliable than disseminating information through phone calls since an information officer might not consistently disseminate the information at all times. All you have to do is just key-in the information that needs to be posted. Comments and suggestions from different addressee can be posted as a assembly thread which will help the top management to address problems that had arising in connection with any communication.

Spanish-Speaking Groups in the United States Essay Example for Free

communicative Groups in the unify States EssayThis research paper go away identify the linguistic, semipolitical, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions or statuses of Columbian Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans living in the united States.Cultural Interests of Spanish-Speaking Groups in the United States Cultural interests of Columbian Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans that go bad in the United States of America atomic number 18 the focus because of the diversity and controversy that surrounds them. The United States class all the Spanish-speaking people that originate from Latin America, cardinal America, or South America together as one ethnic group referred to as Hispanics or Latinos. Cultural interests identified for each of these four groups will consist of their own groups linguistics, political status, social status, economic status, religious status, and familial conv entions. The first Hispanic group we will explore is Columbian Americans. Sturner (2012), Spanish is the run-in of most Colombian-American households in the United States, where it serves as perhaps the surest means of preserving traditions (Colombian Americans).Columbians do not believe they will remain in the United States because of the immigration restrictions, therefore Columbian Americans traditionally devote themselves to administration in Columbia, and most do not become actually involved with American politics (Sturner, 2012). Columbian Americans pursued professional c bers and took employment as laborers, factory workers, domestic servants, and opened small businesses (Sturner, 2012). According to Sturner (2012), In the mid-1990s Colombian Americans had one of the highest average incomes among Latinos and many prospered in business, especially in in ventures in Miami related to trade with Latin America (Colombian Americans). Socially, they develop cockeyed ties with o therLatinos through slack networks because they sh atomic number 18 a commonality of Spanish-language media, which provides news, entertainment, and music from Latin America (Sturner, 2012).The Catholic church provides crucial support to Latin Americans throughout the United States and religious ceremonies are closely tied to important customs and traditions, such(prenominal) as compadrazgo (Sturner, 2012). Preservation has been assured in recent years as parishes concur added Spanish-language services (Sturner, 2012). Columbian immigrants preserve their family traditions as a focal concern against pressures encountered in American society (Sturner, 2012). Their traditional roles are that the husband is the wage earner, the wife is the homemaker, and the children are taught to result their parents and respect authority (Sturner, 2012). The second Hispanic group we will explore is Cuban Americans. Those born in the United States tend to be English Speakers and have less facility w ith Spanish, while those born abroad have greater facility with Spanish and more than half have some English top executive as well (Buffington, 2012). Cuban American communities are well assimilated in the United States and have significant political influence because of their size (Buffington, 2012). Buffington (2012), Cuban Americans are reputed to being conservative politically and to vote overwhelmingly for the Republican Party Elections (Cuban Americans).The most important political organization for them is the Cuban American National macrocosm (CANF) because it is regarded as the representative of the Cuban American community (Buffington, 2012). Economically Cuban Americans closely resemble the total U.S. state and they have greater economic protective covering than other Hispanic groups (Buffington, 2012). They are highly educated and a moderate percentage of their population has completed college or graduate schooling (Buffington, 2012). about Cuban Americans report and perceive a non-discriminatory relationship with White Americans (Buffington, 2012). Cuban Americans overwhelmingly identify themselves as Roman Catholics, however a small percentage are some form of Protestantism, and one-quarter of native-born Cuban Americans say they either have no preference or have another religious affiliation (Buffington, 2012). Most Cuban American families have inherited the American way of life, which is significantly different from the traditional Cuban family in many ways (Buffington, 2012).Compadres or grandparents are less likely to play significant roles ofCuban American children and Cuban American women are more likely to have greater authority in the family because of joining the workforce to contribute to the household income for security and independence of the family (Buffington, 2012). The third Hispanic group we will explore is Mexican Americans. Spanish has remained their primary language of all Mexicans in the Southwestern United States. It be came necessary for workers and students to become proficient in English to continue to work and get an education. The Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (PASSO) and Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) were created to articulate ethnic political goals (Englekirk Marin, 2012). Unhappy with both the Democratic and Republican parties in 1970, Mexican Americans created an alternative political party called La Raza Unida (LRU), which had remarkable success (Englekirk Marin, 2012).Traditionally the voting patterns of Mexican Americans have been Democratic at the presidential level. The majority of Hispanic-owned businesses existing in the United States are controlled by Mexican Americans, and this has contributed to the growth of the Mexican American middle class. Englekirk and Marin (2012), Despite the diversification in employment into sectors of the national economy, wages have remained pocket-sized for most members of the Mexican American community (Me xican Americans). Englekirk and Marin (2012), Following the Mexican-American War, increasing violence perpetrated by Anglo Americans made Mexicans and Mexican Americans intensely aware of their subordinate status at heart the American Southwest (Mexican Americans).Mexican Americans created a variety of social and political organizations that promoted ethnic solidarity to attempt to cope with their second-class status. The majority of the Mexican American population is of the Catholic faith with a small percentage that converted to Protestantism and other faiths. In the traditional Mexican American family their extended family and closest friends are on the dot as much a part of their family as their immediate family because of a system of mutual dependence and respect for elders that creates a close-knit family unit. The last Hispanic group we will explore is Puerto Ricans. Proper Castilian Spanish is the native language of Puerto Ricans. Green (2012), Although English is taught t o most elementary school children in Puerto Rican public schools, Spanish remains the primary language on the island of Puerto Rico (Puerto RicanAmericans). there is a substantially higher rate of voter participation among Puerto Ricans on the island than on the U.S. mainland.There is political cynicism among the Puerto Ricans because of the lack of opportunity and education for the migrated population, but the Puerto Rican population can be a major political force when organized (Green, 2012). Some problems such as crime, drug-abuse, poor educational opportunities, unemployment, and the breakdown of the Puerto Rican family structure have caused them to be overall, the most economically disadvantaged Latino group in the United States (Green, 2012). Puerto Rican American social assimilation has been one of great success mixed with serious problems (Green, 2012). Green (2012), Because many Puerto Ricans are of mixed Spanish and African descent, they have had to subsist the same sort of racial discrimination often experienced by African Americans (Puerto Rican Americans).Most Puerto Ricans are Catholic, but dominance has been declining and the presence of many dissimilar form of Protestants has been increasing (Green, 2012). Among the Puerto Rican Catholics, a small minority actively practice some version of Santeria (Green, 2012). Green (2012), Puerto Rican family and community dynamics have an extensive Spanish influence and still tend to reflect the intensely patriarchal social organization of European Spanish culture (Puerto Rican Americans). Both men and women have strong roles in childbearing and place a high value on educating their children.Since we have explored these four races, we can clearly understand the similarities and differences between them. They have been grouped together regardless of their origin because they share the Spanish language. We can be sure that Columbian Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans make up a rattling diverse ethnic group. Each race is unique in their cultural traditions about family and religious beliefs. Their economics, social status, and political views we explored are only a very small reflection of who they are and how they live their lives in the United States.ReferencesBuffington, S. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http//everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Cuban-Americans.htmlEnglekirk, A. Marin, M. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http//everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Mexican -Americans.htmlGreen, D. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http//everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Puerto-Rican-Americans.htmlSchaefer, R. T. (2006). Racial and Ethnic Groups (sixth ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.Sturner, P. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http//everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Colombian-Americans.html

Role for bioremediation Essay Example for Free

Role for bioremediation EssayChapter 1 Which unitary of the pastime is not a role for bioremediation? Curing infectious diseases All of the following ar examples of new emerging infectious diseases further Chickenpox Normal microbiota Beneficial microbial inhabitants of the body Golden Age of Microbiology Rapid discovery of basic microbiology principles Re-emerging diseases one time controlled by preventative public health measures they are now on the rise Prions Resistant to the usual sterilization procedures for pathogens Spontaneous generation The converse of biosynthesis A carrelular infectious agent Chemical composition includes RNA or DNA In the scientific hold Bacillus anthracis, the term Bacillus is the genus name include the agents responsible for stomach ulcers and plague bacterium are prokaryotes Bacteria impart distinctive flavors in foods such as yogurt and cheese Bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites Viruses have a protein coat that surrounds the gene tic information Viruses include molds and yeasts Fungi contain the phylum Protozoa and algae Protists derive their life force from degrading organic materials Fungi are the most metabolically diverse group Bacteria Which one of the following sequences exhibits increasing size? Viruses to bacterium to protozoa Which one of the following would be consistent with the idea of spontaneous generation? Sick people give rise to microorganisms in their bodyChapter 3 The g stain technique is valuable in distinguishing different types of bacteria One of the below is wrong permit eukaryotic motility Flagella are involved in group translocation Chromosomes Contain components of the electron transport chain for ATP generation Plasma Membranes may have peritrichous or polar arrangements Flagella are analogue rods contained within a nucleus Chromosomes replication is followed by binary fission Chromosomes are closed circular single molecues Chromosomes are used for chemotaxis Flagella involve d with predict sequences in secretion Plasma Membranes Nucleoid Stores essential genetic information Glycocalyx Prevents phagocytosis attachment Plasmid Contains a few genes not essential for cell-Metachromatic granules Site of nutrient accumulation in cell Fimbriae Short straight hair-like fibers-Gram (-) cell wall Rigid outer boundary A bacterial arrangement called a sarcina has which of the following morphological shapes? Spheres in packets of eight All of the following characteristics slang to the prokaryotes except they reproduce by mitosisChapter 4 A differential medium is one thatdistinguishes colonies of one type of bacterium from those of another type Which of the following conditions are most likely to affect the growth of bacteria? temperature, oxygen, and pH At what point in the bacterial growth curve are bacteria the most vulnerable to antibiotics log phase Which of the following methods of measuring population growth is a influence count standard plate count usin g a dilution series Faculative bacteria are those thatgrow in the presence of absence of oxygen approximately of the human pathogens are mesophiles10. 0001 out of 11 points Mesophiles this group has most of the the pathogens as they grow at body temperature Halophile would grow on selective media containing relatively high levels of salt Alkaphile they can tolerate a pH above 8.5 Psychrotroph can be form growing in the human stomach Anaerobe they do not or cannot use oxygen Hyperthermophile these have been found in seawater from hot water volcanic vents Microaerophile they survive in environments where O2 concentration is relatively low but are inhibited by high O2 levels Obligate aerobe this group requires oxygen for metabolism, just like humans Acidophile can be found growing in the human stomach Facultative Anaerobe they grow best in the presence of oxygen but can grow in the absence of oxygen Barophile they are able to live at the bottom of the ocean-The interval of time between successive binary fissions of a cell or population of cells is known as the generation time -Psychrophiles and thermophiles differ with respect to their best temperature for growth A soil sample is added to a kitchen-gardening medium that has been designed to promote the growth of the genus Pseudomonas while inhibiting the growth of fungi. This test uses a selective mediumChapter 5 Low temperature isbacteriostatic sound metals generally kill microorganisms byreacting with protein sulfhydryl groups to disrupt function Chlorhexidine is a biguanide used towash hands and clean wounds superficially The chemical counterpart of the autoclave usesethene oxide with an inert gas HEPA filters are used to filter which one of the following? Air Ultraviolet light is valuable for reducing the microbial population in the air of a hospital room Of the following, the most efficient method for sterilization of a bacteriological transfer loop is the direct flame Triclosan destroys bacteria by disrupting cell membranes Which one of the following elements would be classified as a halogen Chlorine Moist heat kills microorganisms bydenaturation A substance that has been pasteuriseis not considered sterile5 out of 8 pointsAutoclave vegetational microorganisms, and endosporesDirect Flame Vegetative microorganisms, and endosporesBoiling water for 10 minutes Vegetative microorganisms, not endospores Hot air oven for 2 hours at 160 degreesCelcius Vegetative microorganisms, and endospores Pasteurization pathogenic microorganisms, not endosporesGamma radiation Vegetative microorganisms, not endosporesFiltration Pathogenic microorganisms, not endosporesUltra-high-temperature (UHT) processing Vegetative microorganisms, not endosporesWhen food has been saltedwater diffuses out of microorganisms causing them to shrivelChapter 6 The Krebs motorbike accounts for all the following exceptproduction of pyruvate from glucose Heat is useful in the destruction of bacteria because heat dena tures enzymes by altering their tertiary structures 10.99956 out of 13 points yields pyruvate for use in the TCA cycle Glycolysis requires cytochromes for electron transport Oxidative phosphorylation requires electrons eventually be passed to NADPH Photosynthesis Requires energy from light to take place Photosynthesis ends with acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms Oxidative phosphorylation starts with the oxidation of NADH TCA pass requires an investment of 2 ATPs Glycolysis uses chlorophyll as the pigment in the cyanobacteria Photosynthesis results in the formation of water Photosynthesis is essentially the opposite of aerobic respiration Photosynthesis begins with a glucose molecule Glycolysis results in the net gain of 2 ATPs Glycolysis generates two carbon dioxide molecules per turn TCA Cycle Which one of the following does not involve a phosphorylation reaction? The hydrolysis of ATP Which of the following states is the most correct for enzyme reactions Enzymes are sp ecific for only one reaction, generally in one direction All of the following apply to the process of anabolism except the process is exergonic You are studying an obligate anaerobe. Which one of the following pathways can you be assured is occurring? Glycolysis A bacterium that uses glucose as an energy source has been isolated from an anaerobic environment. After the growth of the bacterium, the pH of the growth medium is measured and found to be very acidic. When analyzed, the medium is found to have a high concentration of lactic acid. This bacterium is most likely metabolizing by a process known as fermentation

Operations Management Of The Hotel Industry

Operations direction Of The Hotel IndustryWith the increasing sophistication of hotel guests and patrons, the continual feeler of hospitality dos towards the attainment of unparalleled excellence in the personal credit line remains the scarce edge the hotel has to sustain its position if non attain the lead in the manufacturing. By adopting the ISO 90012008 frame consummation, the acculturation of a learning organization into the consciousness of each employee of the hotel shall bid the impetus to strive and be better in providing function to hotel guests and patrons. A Quality Management System or QMS will dictate the conduct of each of the hotels front liners. The QMS shall also provide the parameters for quality service man performance monitoring of each of the processes shall be through the process call performance indicators. Any flaw or parameter that fails to satisfy the accepted door of the performance indicator shall be subject to a root exertion analysis to d etermine a corrective or preventive solution. The QMS requires regular check to mark off that the organization remains focus and faithful to its objective. The hotel employees performance shall be subject to evaluation by using the expose performance indicators root cause analysis. For QMS, the hotel guests or patrons feedback, comment or opinion is accorded greater weight as it will non exclusively change how the hotel will conduct its business moreover it will equally show how the hotel value their guests and patrons point of view with regard to the hotels surgical operation.ContentsExecutive Summary 2Contents 2Introduction 4METHODOLOGY 5THE HOTEL 5Design 6Supply 7Planning 7 storage-floor control 8The environment 8Technology 8The Hotels CUSTOMER SERVICE 9CUSTOMER SERVICE Challenges 11Summary 12Bibliography 13IntroductionRevenue in a Hotel business shall lynchpin on ii factors, namely (1.) level of occupancy or guest traffic that includes patrons to its facilities, and (2. ) Efficiency and Quality of its services (Cornell University, 2010). Thus, among other industries in the world, the Hospitality industry remains dependent on the market pulse and good business sense. Good business sense refers to the operation strategy and business strategy that would resolvent to operation efficiency and quality service.The marriage of technology and human ingenuity atomic number 18 very much apparent in the hotel industry by deploying an green light Resource Planning system. As applied to the hotel industry, it would en certainly excellent node experience from their reservation up to their next visit. The deployment of a Customer Relationship Management System would ensure that all issues are addressed and monitored and shall similarly ensure that the business is properly guided on how to become customer centric. However, technology will non work on its own as its success will be dependent on the employees who use the system and those who will execute the wo rk instructions suggested by the system.A framework that will capitalize on the strength of the employee enabled by technology shall be the onus of this paper. The sole purpose of which is to ensure the customer focused operation of the hotel while practicing processes that feed on continual improvements to manage the bottom line. Using these strategies, Leadership in the industry and profitability should not be far behind.METHODOLOGYThe valuable discussions in Operation Management have been the inspiration by this writer to seek out more companionship in pursuit of excellence. Thus, it led to the discovery that the concepts presented herein have been in existence for some time, and various authors not only wrote extensively on the subjects just they have exhaustively been part of its continual improvement so to speak. Capitalizing from the experiences of these management gurus and the erudite deliberation in Operations Management this author therefore recommend a more comprehen sive examination of the Hotels Customer Service.Using the ISO 90012008 Quality Management System framework, this author shall discuss the merits and wisdom of its implementation in this paper in support of the Hotels operation and primordial goal. It is ideal to implement the quality management system in all the processes of the Hotel to ensure that there will be no gap that tin dissuade if not prevent the Hotel from being the center for customer service excellence. The ISO 9000 Quality Management System have antecedently been regarded as applicable only to the manufacturing industry since it normally refers to the quality in the creation of a harvest-festival. However, in ISO 90012008 Quality Management System the word product can alternately refer to as service1. The hospitality industry has long been recognized a service-oriented industry (Ramaswamy). Its main product is unlike any other industry since its product is the service provided by the hotel employees. The quality met rics of hospitality service is equal to the amount of satisfaction of each customer reckon by the number of customer over a period of time.THE HOTELThe hotel is a five star hotel that is highly profitable and popular privately owned located in the center of an international city with a high level of tourist traffic, particularly international tourists. It boasts of a two coke cubic decimeter suites, two dining rooms, one of which offers a standard menu and seats three hundred people while the other seats only a hundred but it offers discriminating a la carte choices for an upscale market. The hotel also has two cocktail bars one that is publicly accessible from the streets while the other is for hotel guests only however both are open to guests and non-guests alike.The hotel is home to three kitchens, with the two serving the two dining rooms while the third serves the three pass rooms rented for parties, weddings, conferences and other similar events. The function rooms seat f ifty, two hundred and one thousand, respectively while each function room can have their own bars if required. The hotel similarly provides other facilities that would include a swimming mob, gym, sauna and a car park with one hundred and fifty private bays.The hotel employs both permanent full-time and part-time contract workers. distributively field of operation has its own supervisor, with qualified and experienced managers overseeing the supervisors for the respective departments. As indicated, not only does the hotel enjoy a modest profit from its operation, it boasts of a decent amount of guest and patron traffic from its hotel and facilities operation.DesignDesigning a particular token of service impacts the hotels customers to enrich their stay or their hospitality experience is a practical application of this concept as described by Slacks and Johnston in 2004. To expound the design process in the formulation of a process that will provide returning guests with discou nted rates if they return during the off-peak or lean geezerhood will ensure occupancy during the lean months and expand marketing exposure.SupplyRaw materials used as ingredients to hotel regimen are sensitive to spoilage and taint thus it is important to manage its handling from delivery, storage and inventory. The release of the goods from storage should be starkly enforced and implemented through proper tagging and warehousing strategy. To exposit Meat products can last for a certain period through refrigeration but must also con statusr volatility and seasonality to its supply. The system predicting the enjoyment of the hotel base on its routine consumption and the scheduled events shall either place an order or forego an order automatically and later implement First-in-first-out in the warehouse with the use of the inventory tag.PlanningPlanning within the context of the hospitality industry often relates to Business Planning. Case in point, the hospitality business is se nsitive to the time of the year particularly its occupancy. From July to August is normally the time when air travel is at its busiest due to the summer vacation in the coupled States and some countries. Hotels outside the United States that are vacation destinations of Americans are at its busiest. However, during the lean months, when occupancy is at its lowest, hotel managers and administrators creativity are normally put to test.To illustrate a viable business strategy during the lean months is to pre-sell the room through discount cards. The concept is to sell discount cards at a value of one or two nights stay that will be availed only during the lean months. Modest discounts may be availed by cardholders including the facilities or services offered by the Hotel. The card shall expire within one year from its issuance to give the hotel the opportunity to sell continuously the unoccupied hotel rooms during the lean months.Shop-floor controlShop floor strategies include Job an d shift Scheduling, housekeeping, Process improvement and increasing process efficiency in the context of providing quality service. ISO 90012008 has closed the gap mingled with a tangible product and service that both demand quality. According to the system, the best way to ensure quality service is to identify focus areas, consequently to provide measurable targets that are congruent with the focus areas goals.The environmentSome hotels realize their impact to the environment of the local community and as part of their strict adherence to their corporate conscience social responsibility often adopts a sound environmental management system. Not only would this comply with the international initiatives regarding environmental concerns but in practice, this will also respond well to its corporate social responsibility initiatives.TechnologyThe use of technology to lower the cost of operation through the automation of processes and increase the security at the hotel is a strategy th at does not normally provide a tangible and visible result overnight. To illustrate Supply Chain Management as envisioned is a technology driven strategy that will ensure that raw materials used as ingredients for food do not spoil or do not get contaminated.The strategy requires inventory immediate tagging in each delivery. By providing secure keys to every(prenominal) guest, a hotel management system would be able to adjust the room temperature and the Air Handling Unit load depending on the rooms that have frantic keys. Using the secure keys inserted in its slot will enable the system to determine the additional load needed for the air conditioning requirement sort of of the Air Handling Unit continuously operating even without any guest inside is a waste of energy.The Hotels CUSTOMER SERVICEThe hotels customer does not gravel becoming a customer when he finally pays the initial down payment for a room or service, he does not start becoming a customer at the instant he shows up at the hotels premises or orders his first drink from the bar. A guest or patron starts becoming a customer as soon as he says the first word to any of the hotels staff, telemarketer or even parking attender or valet (Borsenik Stutts, 1997). Ergo, all aspects of the hotels operation almost concern itself with customer service. Customer service is not merely providing the hotels service to the guests or patron, it is making sure that the customer is satisfied and fulfilled in the usage of the facilities including their encounter with the hotels staff (Michelli, 2008). Therefore, all processes that will affect the customer directly or indirectly are customer service providing processes.To illustrate the reservation clerk represents the hotel as its first liner when the customer called in to reserve a room or defend the one of the services of the hotel. A pleasant conversation would result to immediate booking and a not so pleasant conversation is the loss of a potential client. The interaction with the valets or the parking attendants may be the second encounter of the hotel with its customer. The next would be the door person, the front desk, the concierge, the room boy, the hotel cleaners and then floor security for hotel guests. While for those partaking and enjoying the services of the Hotel would be entertained from the door person by the receptionist and then the floor manager or the facilities attendant. The guests would then be interfacing next with the waiters if they were at the bar or restaurant, the lifeguard for the swimming pool and fitness instructor for the gym and sauna.To illustrate the indirect service providers in the Hotel that ensures not only the satisfaction of the guests or patron they themselves are responsible for the behind the scene hospitality experience. These would include the kitchen staff that would include the chef and those responsible for preparing the food. The engineer that ensures the temperature of the pool and the gym is optimal or the safety engineer monitoring the safety levels at the sauna, the hallway and lobby temperature. The indirect service providers also include the cashiers that provide the correct change and charges, the security guards that ensures the safety of the guests and the surrounding. This also includes the janitorial staff that ensures the health of the guests by making the immediate surrounding garbage or dirt free.The processes that govern the operation and performance of the customer interaction of the services provided as described shall be the focus of the Quality Management System framework of ISO 90012008 (International Organization for Standardization, 2008). aline with the Vision, Mission, Values and Strategy of the Hotel the Quality Management System framework will allow the Hotel to define its own Quality Mission Statement that states the spirit of the hotel. Each of the processes followed or implemented by the process owners as described above that interac ts with the Hotels guests, patrons or customers, in general, shall be covered by the Quality Mission Statement. lay with the Quality Missions Statement aligned processes, Key Result Areas will be developed will remain the targets of the processes. The Key Result Areas should be customer centric and should work towards the attainment of the best hospitality experience of the guests or patrons as provisioned by the Hotel. In order to measure the success of the process owners in achieving their key result areas, metrics in the form of key performance indicators for each process are to be developed.To illustrate The valet service is often pretermit by most Hotels but its importance and the opportunity it presents to save the Hotels image from the customers bad experience from the services of the hotel is precious being the last process the customer has to go through before leaving the hotel. The possible key result area for the valet services could be the immediate return of the guests vehicle to him. The key performance indicators could be the amount of time it will take the valet to call back the car and return it to the owner. The idea would be the shorter the amount of time it takes to retrieve the car the more satisfied the customer would be.CUSTOMER SERVICE ChallengesCultural SensitivitiesThe primary challenge in any customer service is the differences in the personality or origins of the guests. Cultural sensitivities often create friction between the service provider and the customer. To illustrate in the west shaking the head from side to side often means no, however in some culture particularly the Indian culture it means yes.Gender and Other SensitivitiesAt times, being courageous is being sexist while being helpful to people with disabilities is being offensive. A balance and clear criteria are should be studied depending on the area where the Hotel is located so as not to compromise quality service with sensitivities.SummaryThe hospitality industry has evolved from an industry that only provided board and lodging to passing(a) travelers in the previous century to an actual destination that offers a myriad of services to weary travelers and to vacation and relaxation seekers. The Quality Management System as enabled by technology should provide the edge to the hotel in terms of managing its bottom line from the business perspective while also providing the framework in find the best way to service its guests and patrons. The Quality Management System therefore will equally define the customer centric culture of the hotel geared towards providing the best, if not one of the best hotel experience to its guests.The continual improvement concept of the Quality Management System will engender excellence in the very fictional character of the hotels staff. The key performance indicators shall provide the metrics to gauge the efficacy of the process including the performance of its employees. The root cause analysis as well as the emergence of the corrective and preventive solution is essential to the concept.One of the virtues of ISO 9001-2008 Quality Management System is that it would let the hotel develop its own Quality Management framework as derived from the hotels unique culture. The hotel shall not only reflect its personality but it shall be the driving force towards excellence in customer service. The commitment to customer service as driven by the Quality Management System shall therefore be personal not only for the organization, but also for the individual employees.